From the 600s, the Byzantine Empire sprayed 'Greek fire' at enemy ships through tubes. It kept burning on water. The formula was a state secret so closely guarded that it was eventually forgotten.
Truth label: Established. Strong evidence and broad agreement among experts.
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What was in it?
Guesses include crude oil, pine resin and quicklime. Nobody has recreated it with certainty.
It saved a city
It helped Constantinople fight off Arab fleets in the 670s and 717.
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- Secrets can backfire. Knowledge kept too secret can die with the few who hold it.
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Why was Greek fire feared?
It burned on water. It kept burning on the sea's surface.
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